Infra-red analysis has confirmed that the orange-red colouring is consistent with the active molecular ingredient in henna, hydroxy-naphthoquinone; the results of the microscopy also suggest, interestingly, that the henna was applied after death. If so, this may perhaps indicate the use of henna in some kind of mourning ritual or ceremony for the dead. While the mummy of Ramses II has henna-dyed hair, microscopic analysis confirms that he was in fact red headed in his youth; it could be suggested, therefore, that the henna was applied to restore his youthful appearance, either in his old age or during the mummification process.

If archaeological evidence suggests that henna was used in ancient Egypt, we should expect confirmation from textual evidence; however, possible references to henna in Egyptian texts are extremely unclear. Some people claim that a variety of medicinal uses for henna are described in the Ebers Papyrus, but unfortunately this is based on a misreading of the word 'cyperus' (in a translation of the text) as referring to henna (later referred to as kupros in Greek and cyprus in Latin), when it in fact refers to Cyperus rotundus, a type of papyrus.

Scholars have identified a variety of Egyptian plant-names as possibly referring to the henna plant. The most promising candidate is the plant known in ancient Egyptian as the ‘nḥ-imi-plant, which might be tentatively translated as the ‘Life-is-in-it’-plant. It was used both medicinally, as a treatment for tumours, as well as ritually: the hands and feet of the deceased were anointed with it during the embalming process, and it was described as protecting the bed of the Pharaoh.

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